Use Of AIDS Test Can Prolong Life While Saving Money, Stanford Study Finds

Main Category: HIV / AIDS
Article Date: 23 Sep 2008 - 9:00 PDT

email to a friend   printer friendly   view / write opinions   rate article

A simple test given to HIV/AIDS patients in southern Africa could extend their lives by nearly a year and save health-care costs at the same time, according to a new study by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine and the Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System.

The technique, known as the CD4 test, would be particularly valuable if it were given to patients early in their disease, before they became ill with an AIDS-related infection, the researchers found. Use of the test could prevent patients from developing these life-threatening complications and save on costly hospitalizations.

"There is an important public health message here: You can improve health outcomes and make people live longer-and save money. It's a real opportunity," said senior author Douglas K. Owens, MD, senior investigator at the Palo Alto-VA and a professor of medicine and of health research and policy at Stanford.

Eran Bendavid, MD, the first author on the paper, said he hopes the study will help public and private organizations that provide antiretroviral, or ARV, therapy in Africa, where two-thirds of the world's 33 million HIV patients live.

"We hope public health officials and clinicians understand that the test is a technology worth investing in," said Bendavid, a postdoctoral scholar in infectious diseases and in health research and policy. The study will appear in the Sept. 22 issue of Archives of Internal Medicine.

In recent years, government and private organizations have responded to the urgent need to step up access to ARVs, providing this life-prolonging treatment to some 3 million HIV/AIDS patients worldwide, most of them in Africa. With drug access now increasing, clinicians need to know how best to manage these patients, including when to start them on treatment and when to change their drug regimen, if necessary, Owens said.

To help address these questions, the study examined the costs and health benefits of managing HIV/AIDS patients in southern Africa with CD4 and one other form of testing, viral load, over their lifetimes.

Today, caregivers in Africa typically monitor patients by observing their symptoms, starting them on drug therapy when they develop an opportunistic infection, such as tuberculosis or pneumonia.

But there are other, more sophisticated methods of tracking the course of a patient's disease. These include the CD4 test, which measures the number of these crucial, disease-fighting cells of the immune system. CD4 cells are targeted by the AIDS virus and, as their numbers decline, patients become more prone to developing life-threatening infections. The CD4 test is simple and quick to administer and may require only a simple finger prick to obtain blood that is then analyzed in a cell-sorter, a desktop machine about the size of a personal computer, Bendavid said. Results can be available in as little as 10 minutes.

In addition to the CD4 test, doctors in the United States and other developed countries routinely use the viral load test, which measures the amount of virus in a patient's bloodstream, to help gauge the extent of disease and how a patient is responding to treatment.

In the study, the researchers used a mathematical model to simulate different patient scenarios and analyze the costs and benefits of using these different methods to track the patients' disease. The model was based on data from two groups of patients in Capetown, South Africa, though the analysis takes into account the regional differences across southern Africa. The researchers evaluated patients who were followed based on symptoms alone, as well as those who received either one or both of these tests during the course of their treatment. The scientists then calculated the relative costs of each of these strategies.

They found that patients who received a CD4 test alone lived 11.8 months longer than those who were monitored on the basis of their symptoms alone. Patients fared best when given the test and then started on therapy early-when their CD4 cells numbered 350, rather than waiting until they fell to 200.

Patients in the early treatment group had 18 percent fewer opportunistic infections and were less likely to be hospitalized. The cost savings per patient amounted to $417, compared with those who were monitored on the basis of symptoms alone, the researchers reported. Owens noted that the savings would be less in countries, such as Malawi, where hospitalization costs are lower.

As for the viral load test, the researchers did find that it extended patients' lives by about two months, an important benefit. Although use of the viral load test did not reduce costs, it was still found to be cost-effective in some countries, based on criteria developed by the World Health Organization.

Use of the CD4 test, however, could have sweeping benefits across southern Africa, where between 3 and 5 million people are in need of ARVs, Bendavid said. If the test were applied in a population of a million patients, these individuals would gain a collective 982,000 years of life, an enormous benefit by any standard, the researchers said.

Currently, the test is available on a limited basis in southern Africa, Bendavid said. For instance, it is offered in some urban areas in South Africa and even more broadly in Botswana, but is rarely available in Zimbabwe. Expanding access to the test would require government and private organizations to invest in the cell sorters, which cost about $30,000, and then train personnel to use them, he said.

"It's time to find ways to reduce those barriers," Owens said. "We're hoping to change the mindset by showing there is good reason to make this possible."

The U.S. President's Emergency Program for AIDS Relief is now making CD4 tests available as part of its programs, Bendavid said.

Stanford collaborators on the study are David Katzenstein, MD, professor of infectious diseases, and Sean Young, a PhD student in psychology. Other collaborators include Ahmed Bayoumi, MD, at the University of Toronto, and Gillian Sanders, PhD, a former Stanford faculty member now at Duke University.

The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and the Department of Veterans Affairs.

Stanford University Medical Center integrates research, medical education and patient care at its three institutions - Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford Hospital & Clinics and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford. For more information, please visit the Web site of the medical center's Office of Communication & Public Affairs at http://mednews.stanford.edu.

Stanford University Medical Center