Biomarker Of Breathing Control Abnormality Associated With Hypertension And Stroke

Main Category: Sleep / Sleep Disorders / Insomnia
Also Included In: Respiratory / Asthma;  Hypertension;  Stroke
Article Date: 03 Jul 2009 - 0:00 PDT

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A study in the July 1 issue of the journal SLEEP identified a distinct ECG-derived spectrographic phenotype, designated as narrow-band elevated low frequency coupling (e-LFCNB), that is associated with prevalent hypertension, stroke, greater severity of sleep disordered breathing and sleep fragmentation in patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Results indicate that the odds ratio for prevalent stroke was 1.65 [CI: 1.19-29] in those with versus without the presence of e-LFCNB. The biomarker was detected in 1,233 participants (23.5 percent), with statistically significant differences between those with and without it. Patients with the biomarker tended to be older (average 64.7 years versus 61.4 years), male (63.3 percent versus 45.1 percent), slightly heavier (average body mass index 29.3 versus 28.6) and sleepier (according to the Epworth Sleepiness Score test results). Sleep apnea severity and use of diuretics, calcium blockers, and B-blockers were associated with increased e-LFCNB. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, and diabetes, only prevalent stroke remained associated with both categorical and continuous measures of e-LFCNB, while treated and total hypertension were associated only with the ECG biomarker as continuous measure.

According to lead author Robert J. Thomas, MD, assistant professor of medicine at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center & Harvard Medical School in Boston, Mass., the electrocardiogram (ECG)-based technique allows the tracking of interactions ("coupling") of breathing amplitude and heart-beat rate changes, which are both influenced by sleep, thus providing a 'map' of sleep behaviors. Use of this technique allows physicians to assign patients with sleep apnea into groups who have or do not have breathing control abnormalities.

"Central sleep apnea is precisely timed, meaning that breathing stops and starts with near identical timing from event-to-event," said Thomas. This type of timing abnormality results in the narrow-band pattern, even if by usual scoring methods the respiratory abnormality looks obstructive." We found that having the pattern suggesting a central or breathing control abnormality was associated with worse sleep, more severe sleep apnea, high blood pressure and an increased risk of prevalent strokes. Therefore, OSA patients who are at increased risk for high blood pressure may be at even greater risk if they also have a control abnormality."

The cross-sectional retrospective study obtained polysomnographic and clinical data from 5,247 patients (of the original 6,441) who were included in the baseline examination of the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS), a multi-center longitudinal study of participants over the age of 40, designed to determine the cardiovascular consequences of sleep apnea at a population level. Associations were estimated with use of various drugs and pathologies including prevalent hypertension and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.

According to the study, the ECG-derived spectrogram's detection of periodic breathing-type respiratory oscillations exceeds that identified by visual detection of periodic breathing. Conventional scoring may be biased toward the scoring of obstructive hypopneas during periods of periodic breathing, and measurement of the biomarker could bring attention to parts of the polysomnogram where the probability of periodic breathing or central apneas is high. The spectrogram is automated, objective, and capable of mapping the spectral dispersion of low-frequency, coupled cardiopulmonary oscillations; therefore, it could be a more accurate marker of periodic breathing and could provide insights into sleep physiology and pathology.

The authors claim that there is an increased prevalence of periodic breathing following ischemic cerebrovascular disease, which is one way by which strokes may cause an increase in the biomarker. Hypertension may be the cause of undiagnosed cardiac dysfunction, which may also lead to an increase in the presence of e-LFCNB.

According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, OSA is a sleep-related breathing disorder that involves a decrease or complete halt in airflow despite an ongoing effort to breathe. It occurs when the muscles relax during sleep, causing soft tissue in the back of the throat to collapse and block the upper airway. This leads to partial reductions (hypopneas) and complete pauses (apneas) in breathing that can produce abrupt reductions in blood oxygen saturation. Brief arousals from sleep restore normal breathing but can cause a fragmented quality of sleep. Most people with sleep apnea snore loudly and frequently, and they often experience excessive daytime sleepiness.

The study: "Prevalent Hypertension and Stroke in the Sleep Heart Health Study: Association with an ECG-derived Spectrographic Marker of Cardiopulmonary Coupling,"

Source:
Kelly Wagner
American Academy of Sleep Medicine