Solution To World's Worst Mass Poisoning Case

Main Category: Water - Air Quality / Agriculture
Also Included In: Cancer / Oncology;  Public Health
Article Date: 31 Aug 2008 - 4:00 PDT

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A solution to the world's worst case of ongoing mass poisoning, linked to rising cancer rates in Southern Asia, has been developed by researchers from Queen's University Belfast.

Currently over 70 million people in Eastern India and Bangladesh, experience involuntary arsenic exposure from consuming water and rice; the main staple food in the region. This includes farmers who have to use contaminated groundwater from minor irrigation schemes.

It is estimated that for every random sample of 100 people in the Bengal Delta, at least one person will be near death as a result of arsenic poisoning, while five in 100 will be experiencing other symptoms.

Now, researchers at the Belfast-based University have created new low-cost technology to provide arsenic-free water to millions of people in South Asia currently exposed to high levels of the poison in groundwater.

Leading an international team, Queen's researchers have developed a trial plant in Kasimpore, near Calcutta, which offers chemical-free groundwater treatment technology to rural communities for all their drinking and farming needs.

The technology is based on recharging a part of the groundwater, after aeration, into a subterranean aquifer (permeable rock) able to hold water. Increased levels of oxygen in the groundwater slow down the arsenic release from the soil. At higher dissolved oxygen levels, soil micro organisms, as well as iron and manganese, reduce the dissolved arsenic level significantly.

Dr Bhaskar Sen Gupta of Queen's, co-ordinator of the project said: "Arsenic poisoning is behind many instances of ill-health in Southern Asia, including a rising number of cancer cases. Developing a low cost method of decontaminating ground water that is laced with high levels of arsenic is a key challenge for sustainable agriculture there.

"While there are some techniques available for treating relatively small quantities of water, there has, until now, been no viable technology available for decontaminating groundwater on a large scale that can ensure safe irrigation and potable water supply.

"This project developed by Queen's is the only method which is eco-friendly, easy to use and deliverable to the rural community user at an affordable cost."

The project is part of the EU-funded Asia Pro Eco Programme which is dedicated to the improvement of environmental performance in Asian economic sectors. Known as TiPOT (Technology for in-situ treatment of groundwater for potable and irrigation purposes), a key part of the project is the establishment of sustainable technology partnerships.

Explaining further, Dr Sen Gupta said: "From its inception we have had the vital support of Indian-based stakeholders, such as village councils and local financial institutions. This has been vital as they are the authorities who monitor the water supply and distribution in rural areas and provide micro-credit to the local farmers.

"With their help, we now have a solution which is transferable to many areas in need across Asia."

The new plant will be maintained and operated by local village technicians. To help apply the technology to other areas in the South Asian region, the World Bank has given a grant of $200,000 to the TIPOT consortium to set up six more subterranean water treatment plants in the Gangetic plains of West Bengal.

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In June 2008, Queen's along with the Indian partners BESU and IEMS won the prestigious DELPHE award of the British Council (http://www.britishcouncil.org/delphe.htm) to set up another treatment plant and run awareness programmes for arsenic poisoning in India.

Further information on the project can be found at http://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/TiPOT/

Notes

• The World Health Organisation (WHO) has cited the scale of this environmental disaster as greater than any seen before: "It is beyond the accidents at Bhopal, India, in 1984 and Chernobyl, Ukraine, in 1986."
  
  
• In its report Arsenic in Drinking Water and resulting Arsenic Toxicity in India and Bangladesh, the WHO stated "Arsenic in drinking water is a major public health hazard and should be dealt with as an emergency."
  
  
• Arsenic is a semi-metallic naturally-occurring chemical. It is present in the environment and we are regularly exposed to small doses. It is difficult to detect as it is generally odourless and flavourless.
  
  
• Other partners in the project include National Metallurgic Laboratory (NML), Jamshedpur, India; Institut für Siedlungswasserbau, Wassergüte- und Abfallwirtschaft (USWA) Stuttgart, Germany; Universitas Miguel Hernandez (UMH) Alicante, Spain; Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML) Leiden University, The Netherlands and the Institure of Environmental Management and Studies (IEMS), Jamshedpur, India.

Source: Lisa Mitchell
Queen's University Belfast

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