Eight aspects of early life put UK children at risk of obesity

Main Category: Pediatrics / Children's Health
Article Date: 21 May 2005 - 19:00 PDT

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Three year old children who spend more than eight hours watching television per week are at an increased risk of obesity, finds a study published online by the BMJ this week.

This is just one of eight aspects of early life found to be linked to obesity in UK children, and these results support the theory that the early life environment can determine later risk of obesity.

The study involved 8,234 children aged 7 years and a further sample of 909 children who were taking part in a large UK study of parents and children. Height and weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated.

In the entire group, four factors were independently associated with a risk of obesity at age 7:

-- Increasing birth weight
-- Parental obesity (one or both parents)
-- More than eight hours spent watching television per week at age 3 years
-- Short sleep duration (less than 10.5 hours per night at age 3 years

A further four factors were significant for the children in the additional sample:

-- Size in early life
-- Rapid weight gain in the first year
-- Rapid catch-up growth between birth and two years
-- Early development of body fatness in the pre-school years, before the age at which body fat should be increasing (at age 5/6 years)

The precise mechanisms by which these variables might increase the risk of obesity are complex, say the authors. For instance, parental obesity may increase the risk of obesity through genetics, or by shared family characteristics in the environment such as food preferences.

Duration of night time sleep may affect growth hormone secretion or reduce the child's exposure to food intake in the evening. Alternatively, children who are more physically active may sleep longer at night. Finally, television viewing may confer risk through a reduction in energy expenditure or an increase in dietary intake.

"Our study provides evidence of the role of the early life environment in the later risk of obesity," say the authors.

"Most interventions to prevent obesity have tried to change lifestyles of children and adolescents and have been unsuccessful. Future interventions might focus on environmental changes targeted at relatively short periods in early life, attempting to modify factors during pregnancy, in infancy, or in early childhood, which are independently related to later risk of obesity."

John Reilly, Reader in Paediatric Energy Metabolism, University of Glasgow Division of Developmental Medicine, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow, Scotland

(Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study)
bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/rapidpdf/bmj.38470.670903.E0

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