An international group of scientists led by Tim Anderson Ph.D., at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute and Philip LoVerde Ph.D., at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio has identified the mutations that result in drug resistance in a parasite infecting 187 million people in South America, Africa and Asia. The new finding allows detailed understanding of the drugs' mechanism of action and raises prospects of improved therapies.
"This is a major advance," said Claudia Valentim, Ph.D., the primary author of the report, who worked at both institutions. "We were able to identify the critical gene by crossing resistant and sensitive worms in the laboratory and then analyzing the genomes of the progeny. This method is commonly used for fruit flies and other laboratory organisms, but has not previously been possible for schistosome parasites."
"This really shows the utility of genome sequencing," says Anderson. "The schistosome genome was published in 2009. Without the sequence, the work would have been painfully slow."
The new study - funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the World Health Organization, the Wellcome Trust and the Robert A. Welch Foundation - appears in the journal Science.
Adult schistosome parasites are half an inch long and live in the human blood vessels, laying thousands of eggs, many of which become lodged in the liver or bladder wall, causing portal hypertension, liver failure and bladder cancer. "We don't know the death toll from these parasites," says LoVerde, "but our best estimate is that more than 200,000 people die every year from this infection in Africa alone, making this parasitic disease second only to malaria in terms of mortality."
No vaccine exists for schistosomiasis, so this disease is controlled using drug treatment, which must be repeated periodically because people become reinfected through contact with water where the intermediate snail hosts live. The problem is that there are very few effective drugs available.
The drug oxamniquine, the subject of this research, kills just one of the three species of schistosome parasite that infect humans. The research raises hope that this drug can be redesigned to kill the two major schistosome species responsible for 99 percent of schistosomiasis cases worldwide.
John Hart, Ph.D., a key collaborator on this study from the Health Science Center, explains: "By using X-ray crystallography and computational methods we were able to precisely pinpoint how the drug interacts with the critical protein in one Schistosome species, and to identify the key differences in this protein in the related parasite species. With some targeted chemical modification, we think it will be possible to make a drug that kills both major schistosome species. This is what we are working on now."