Digoxin, a drug commonly used to treat heart conditions, was associated with a 71 percent higher risk of death and a 63 percent higher risk of hospitalization among adults with diagnosed atrial fibrillation and no evidence of heart failure, according to a Kaiser Permanente study that appears in the current online issue of
Digoxin is a drug derived from digitalis, which has been used for more than a century for heart-rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation, and it remains commonly used for this purpose worldwide. Current clinical practice guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation recommend the use of digoxin alone for resting heart-rate control in sedentary individuals.
"Our findings suggest that the use of digoxin should be re-evaluated for the treatment of atrial fibrillation in contemporary clinical practice," said study co-author Anthony Steimle, MD, Chief of Cardiology at Kaiser Permanente Santa Clara Medical Center. "Given the other options available for heart-rate control, digoxin should be used with caution in the management of atrial fibrillation, especially in the absence of symptomatic systolic heart failure."
The results of this study follow on the findings by many of the same investigators in a 2013 study that revealed digoxin was associated with a 72 percent higher rate of death among adults with newly diagnosed systolic heart failure.
The current study was conducted between Jan. 1, 2006 and June 30, 2009 among almost 15,000 adults within Kaiser Permanente's Northern and Southern California regions who had recently diagnosed atrial fibrillation and no prior heart failure or digoxin use. Researchers examined the independent association between newly initiated digoxin use and the risks of death and hospitalization.
During the study period, 4,858 or 17.8 percent of the participants initiated digoxin use. There were 1,140 deaths among the study cohort, with a significantly higher rate of death in digoxin users compared with non-users (8.3 vs. 4.9 per 100 person years). At the same time, there were 8,456 hospitalizations for any cause, and the rate of hospitalization was higher for patients who received digoxin compared with those who did not (60.1 vs. 37.2 per 100 person years).
 "Digoxin remains commonly used for rate control in atrial fibrillation, but very limited data exist to support this practice - mostly small, older clinical studies with very limited follow- up that did not assess the long-term effects of digoxin on mortality or hospitalization," said Alan S. Go, MD, senior author of the study and research scientist at the Kaiser Permanente Division of Research in Oakland, California.
"In contrast, this study included the largest and most diverse sample of adults with incident atrial fibrillation not complicated by heart failure treated in clinical practice reported to date, with results that were consistent across age and gender," said Dr. Go. "We believe these findings, which build on earlier work, have significant value in guiding clinical cardiology decision-making in regard to digoxin use in the modern era."
Other authors on the study include James V. Freeman, MD, MPH of Yale University School of Medicine; Kristi Reynolds, PhD, and Teresa N. Harrison, SM, of the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California; Margaret Fang, MD, MPH, of the University of California, San Francisco; Natalia Udaltsova, PhD, and Niela K. Pomernacki, BA, of the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; Leila H. Borowsky, MPH, of Massachusetts General Hospital; and Daniel E. Singer, MD, of Harvard Medical School.
The study was supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and the National Institutes of Health [RC2 HL101589 and U19 HL91179], and the American Heart Association Pharmaceutical Roundtable-Spina Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Center program [0875162N].