For High Blood Pressure Patients, Preventing Or Reducing Enlarged Heart Decreases Risk Of Deadly Atrial Fibrillation

Main Category: Cardiovascular / Cardiology
Also Included In: Hypertension
Article Date: 16 Sep 2006 - 0:00 PDT

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For high-blood-pressure patients, preventing or reducing enlarged heart (left ventricular hypertrophy, LVH) reduces risk of atrial fibrillation (AF or afib), a life-threatening condition that can lead to stroke and heart failure. The findings are published in the Sept. 13 Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and led by physician-scientists at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center.

An estimated 20 percent of all high-blood-pressure patients, or 12 million Americans, have LVH and are at increased risk of developing AF.

While the direct relationship between levels of LVH in patients with high blood pressure and risk of cardiac complications -- including death, heart attack and stoke -- has previously been demonstrated by NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell researchers (JAMA, 2004), the new study is the first to demonstrate that prevention or regression of LVH reduces risk of AF -- and that this relationship exists independent of therapy type and the benefits of blood pressure lowering. Both studies used data from the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) study conducted between 1995 and 2001.

"The message for high-blood-pressure patients is that by preventing or reversing enlarged heart, there is an added benefit, over and above any reduction in blood pressure, of lowering risk for afib," says the study's principal investigator, Dr. Peter Okin, director of clinical affairs and professor of medicine in the Greenberg Division of Cardiology at Weill Cornell Medical College and attending physician at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell. "By preventing atrial fibrillation, you are preventing one of the leading causes of stroke, heart failure and death for high-blood-pressure patients."

"And, from a public health perspective, our findings suggest that blood-pressure therapy targeted at regression or prevention of LVH may reverse what has been an increasing incidence of atrial fibrillation," continues Dr. Okin.

Of the 8,831 high-blood-pressure patients without AF followed in the new study, 701 developed AF (7.9 percent). Among these patients, 411 cases of AF occurred along with development or persistence of LVH, compared to 290 that occurred along with a reduction or continued absence of LVH. Thus regression or absence of LVH was associated with a 30 percent reduced risk of AF, and remained associated with a 17 percent reduced risk after adjusting for other risk factors. Levels of LVH were determined by electrocardiograph (ECG) using Cornell voltage-duration product criteria.

"These findings underline the importance of using the ECG with Cornell product criteria to assess risk of developing afib in patients with high blood pressure," adds Dr. Okin. Cornell voltage-duration product, an ECG pattern associated with presence of LVH, was discovered at Weill Cornell Medical College in 1992 and is currently in use worldwide.

All patients in the LIFE study received Losartan- or atenolol-based therapies. In a previous LIFE study paper (Circulation, 2003), Weill Cornell researchers found the angiotensin receptor antagonist drug Losartan had a decided advantage over another anti-hypertensive drug, the beta-blocker atenolol, in reducing LVH.

Co-authors of the new study include Dr. Richard Devereux (professor of medicine at Weill Cornell Medical College and director of the NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Echocardiography Laboratory and non-invasive cardiac imaging program) and physician-scientists from Glostrup University Hospital (Denmark), Merck Research Laboratories (West Point, Pa.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra (Sweden), University of Oslo (Norway), University of Michigan Medical Center (Ann Arbor), Umeĺ University (Sweden), Helskinki University Central Hospital (Finland) and Merck & Co. Inc. (Whitehouse Station, N.J.).

The study was supported in part by a grant from Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, Pa.

Left Ventricle Hypertrophy

Chronic high blood pressure can lead to left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), a dangerous enlargement of muscle surrounding the heart's main pumping chamber. The condition can be monitored via electrocardiograph -- an inexpensive, widely available heart test that measures the nature and speed of electrical impulses within cardiac muscle.

Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF or afib) is the most common abnormal heart rhythm (cardiac arrhythmia) and involves the two small, upper heart chambers (the atria). AF occurs in 1 to 2 percent of the population, with a prevalence that increases markedly with increasing age: it affects as many as 5 percent of persons above the age of 65 years. Atrial fibrillation is often asymptomatic, but may result in symptoms of (a) palpitations, (b) fainting and (c) chest pain, and ultimately heart failure. Symptoms of atrial fibrillation may be treated with medications which slow the heart rate. Several medications as well as electrical cardioversion may be used to convert AF to a normal heart rhythm. Surgical and catheter-based therapies may also be used to prevent AF in certain individuals. Additionally, AF patients are often given blood thinners to protect them from strokes.

NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center

NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, located in New York City, is one of the leading academic medical centers in the world, comprising the teaching hospital NewYork-Presbyterian and its academic partner, Weill Cornell Medical College. NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell provides state-of-the-art inpatient, ambulatory and preventive care in all areas of medicine, and is committed to excellence in patient care, research, education and community service. NewYork-Presbyterian, which is ranked sixth on the U.S. News & World Report's list of top hospitals, also comprises NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center and its academic affiliate, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.

NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital
http://www.nyp.org

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