How Insulin Secreting Cells Maintain Their Glucose Sensitivity

Main Category: Diabetes
Also Included In: Biology / Biochemistry;  Endocrinology
Article Date: 09 Sep 2007 - 1:00 PDT

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Scientists at the leading Swedish medical university Karolinska Institutet have resolved the mystery of how insulin-secreting cells maintain an appropriate number of ATP sensing ion channel proteins on their surface. This mechanism, which is described in the latest issue of Cell Metabolism, explains how the human body can keep the blood glucose concentration within the normal range and thereby avoid the development of diabetes.

Blood sugar absorbed from food is timed to enter muscles as energy supply as well as the liver and fat tissue for energy storage. Otherwise, diabetes occurs. Such glucose transport is precisely controlled by insulin, the body's only hormone capable of lowering blood sugar. This hormone is released from insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas.

The ion channel proteins that are regulated by ATP and that transport potassium ions (KATP channels) are situated on the surface of the insulin-secreting cells to sense blood sugar and control sugar-stimulated insulin secretion. However, it has been a long-standing mystery how the insulin-secreting cells keep an appropriate number of KATP channels on their surface. Scientists at the the Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, have now disclosed a new traffic route whereby sugar promotes the insulin secretion controller KATP channel to march to its post.

Only two routes were believed to operate in insulin-secreting cells to deliver the macromolecules newly manufactured or modified inside cells to the cell surface. One is referred to as a regulated insulin secretory pathway, while the other is termed a constitutive pathway to renew cell surface lipids and proteins including KATP channels.

"We have now found that the newly manufactured KATP channels in insulin-secreting cells reside in a non-insulin-containing structure, which contains the regulated secretory granule marker chromogranin," says Per-Olof Berggren. "Such a structure moves to the cell surface subsequent to elevation of sugar concentration in a Ca2+- and protein kinase A-dependent fashion."

According to Professor Berggren the discovery is very important. This entirely new traffic route endows insulin-secreting cells with an efficient way to maintain an appropriate number of KATP channels on their surface, enabling them to adequately keep the blood glucose concentration within the normal range thus avoiding the development of diabetes.

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Publication:
"Glucose Recruits KATP Channels via Non-Insulin-Containing Dense-Core Granules", Shao-Nian Yang, Nancy Dekki Wenna, Jia Yu, Guang Yang, Hua Qiu, Lina Yu, Lisa Juntti-Berggren, Martin Köhler and Per-Olof Berggren, Cell Metabolism, September 5, 2007

For further information, please contact:
Associate Professor Shao-Nian Yang
Professor Per-Olof Berggren

Karolinska Institutet is one of the leading medical universities in Europe. Through research, education and information, Karolinska Institutet contributes to improving human health. Each year, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. For more information, visit http://ki.se/

Source: Katarina Sternudd
Karolinska Institutet

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