The effects of depression may extend beyond a person’s emotions and mental health. Depression can also affect a person’s physical health.

Suicide prevention

If you know someone at immediate risk of self-harm, suicide, or hurting another person:

  • Ask the tough question: “Are you considering suicide?”
  • Listen to the person without judgment.
  • Call 911 or the local emergency number, or text TALK to 741741 to communicate with a trained crisis counselor.
  • Stay with the person until professional help arrives.
  • Try to remove any weapons, medications, or other potentially harmful objects if it’s safe to do so.

If you or someone you know is having thoughts of suicide, a prevention hotline can help. The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline is available 24 hours a day at 988. During a crisis, people who are hard of hearing can use their preferred relay service or dial 711 then 988.

Find more links and local resources.

In this article, learn about the physical effects of depression, including chronic pain, weight changes, and increased inflammation.

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Depression is a complex mental health condition that causes a person to have a low mood and may leave them feeling persistently sad or hopeless.

Depressive symptoms can be a temporary experience in response to grief or trauma. But if they last longer than 2 weeks, they may indicate a serious depressive disorder.

These symptoms can also indicate other mental health conditions, such as bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) lists the following symptoms of depression:

  • depressed mood on most days, including feelings of sadness or emptiness
  • loss of pleasure in previously enjoyable activities
  • too little or too much sleep most days
  • unintended weight loss or gain or changes in appetite
  • physical agitation or feelings of sluggishness
  • low energy or fatigue
  • feelings of worthlessness or guilt
  • trouble concentrating or making decisions
  • intrusive thoughts of death or suicide

The symptoms vary between individuals and may change over time. For a doctor to diagnose depression, a person must have five or more symptoms that are present during the same 2-week period.

Effects on the body depression

Research has documented many ways depression can affect physical health, including the following:

Weight gain or loss

People with depression may experience appetite changes, which can lead to unintended weight loss or gain.

Medical experts associate excessive weight gain with many health issues, including diabetes and heart disease. If a person’s body weight is too low, it can harm the heart, affect fertility, and cause fatigue.

Chronic pain

People with depression may experience unexplained aches or pains, including joint or muscle pain, breast tenderness, and headaches.

A person’s depression symptoms can worsen because of chronic pain.

Heart disease

Depression may be an independent risk factor for heart health problems. Mental health conditions such as depression can affect heart function in various ways, including by increasing blood pressure and heart rate.

Depression can also reduce a person’s motivation to maintain healthy habits. An unhealthy diet and a sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk of heart disease.

Inflammation

Chronic stress and depression have links to inflammation and may change the immune system. Conversely, some research suggests that depression could be due to chronic inflammation.

People with depression are more likely to have inflammatory conditions or autoimmune disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), type 2 diabetes, and arthritis.

However, it is unclear whether depression causes inflammation or chronic inflammation makes someone more vulnerable to depression. More research is necessary to determine the link between the two.

Sexual health problems

People with depression often have a decreased libido, have trouble becoming aroused, no longer have orgasms, or have less pleasurable orgasms.

Some people also experience relationship problems due to depression, which can affect sexual activity.

Worsening chronic health conditions

People who have a chronic health condition may find that their symptoms become worse if they develop depression.

Chronic conditions may already feel isolating or stressful, and depression may worsen these feelings.

A person with depression may also find it difficult to follow their treatment plan for a chronic condition, which can mean that the symptoms get worse.

People who have symptoms of depression and have a chronic condition should talk with a doctor about strategies for addressing both conditions. Addressing mental health concerns may improve physical health and make a chronic condition easier to manage.

Trouble sleeping

People with depression may experience insomnia or trouble sleeping.

This can leave them feeling exhausted and make it difficult to manage both their physical and mental health.

Doctors link sleep deprivation to a host of health problems. Similarly, research has correlated long-term sleep deprivation with high blood pressure, diabetes, weight-related issues, and some types of cancer.

Gastrointestinal problems

People with depression often report stomach or other digestive problems, such as diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and constipation. Some people with depression also have chronic conditions such as IBS.

Recognizing that depression can affect a person’s physical health can help them seek treatment and make changes to manage their symptoms.

Depression is treatable. A doctor may recommend a combined approach involving medication, therapy, and lifestyle strategies. With the right support, a person can manage both the physical and mental health effects of depression.