Diazepam oral tablet is a generic drug that’s prescribed for certain conditions, including anxiety, in adults and some children. Diazepam belongs to the benzodiazepine drug class.

  1. Diazepam oral tablet is available as both a generic and a brand-name drug. Brand name: Valium.
  2. The drug is also available in other forms. Examples include an oral solution, an intravenous injection, and a rectal gel.
  3. Diazepam is used to treat anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, muscle spasms, and certain types of seizures.

Diazepam oral tablet is a controlled substance drug. Controlled substances are drugs regulated by the United States government because they may cause dependence or misuse.

Diazepam is available as the brand-name drug Valium. It’s also available as a generic drug. Generic drugs usually cost less. In some cases, they may not be available in every strength or form as the brand-name version.

The drug is also available as:

  • an oral solution
  • an oral concentrate
  • a buccal film, which you place between your gum and cheek to dissolve (only available under the brand name Libervant)
  • an intravenous injection
  • a liquid nasal spray (only available under the brand name Valtoco)
  • a rectal gel

This article focuses on the oral tablet form of diazepam.

Why it’s used

Diazepam oral tablet is used to treat the following conditions:

Add-on treatment means diazepam may be used as part of a combination therapy. That is, you need to take it in addition to certain other drugs.

How it works

Diazepam belongs to a class of drugs called benzodiazepines.

Diazepam increases the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a special chemical that can send signals throughout your nervous system. If you don’t have enough GABA, your body may be in an excited state and cause you to have anxiety, get muscle spasms, or have seizures.

When you take diazepam, it makes your cells more sensitive to GABA. This will help decrease your anxiety, muscle spasms, or seizures.

Diazepam can cause mild or serious side effects.

Diazepam oral tablet can slow down your brain’s activity and interfere with your judgment, thinking, and motor skills. You should not drink alcohol or use other drugs that can also slow down your brain’s activity while you’re taking diazepam. You also should not drive, operate machinery, or do other tasks that require alertness until you know how this drug affects you. There are additional effects that you should also be aware of.

The following list contains some of the key side effects that may occur while taking diazepam. This list does not include all possible side effects. For more information on the possible side effects of diazepam, or for tips on how to deal with a troubling side effect, talk with your doctor or pharmacist.

More common side effects

The more common side effects that can occur with diazepam include:

If these effects are mild, they may go away within a few days to a couple of weeks. If they’re more severe or don’t go away, talk with your doctor or pharmacist.

Serious side effects

Call your doctor right away if you have serious side effects. Call 911 if your symptoms feel life threatening or you think you’re having a medical emergency. Serious side effects and their symptoms can include the following:

  • Worsening of seizures. Symptoms can include:
    • increase in frequency
    • increase in severity
  • Unexpected reactions. Symptoms can include:
    • extreme excitement
    • anxiety
    • hallucinations
    • increased muscle spasms
    • trouble sleeping
    • agitation
  • Liver problems. Symptoms can include:
  • Bladder problems. Symptoms can include:
    • inability to urinate
    • inability to hold urine
  • Increase or decrease in sex drive.
  • Withdrawal. Symptoms can include:
    • tremor
    • abdominal or muscle cramps
    • sweating
    • convulsions
  • Changes in the brain or how you think. Symptoms can include:

Suicide prevention

If you know someone at immediate risk of self-harm, suicide, or hurting another person:

  • Ask the tough question: “Are you considering suicide?”
  • Listen to the person without judgment.
  • Call 911 or the local emergency number, or text TALK to 741741 to communicate with a trained crisis counselor.
  • Stay with the person until professional help arrives.
  • Try to remove any weapons, medications, or other potentially harmful objects if it’s safe to do so.

If you or someone you know is having thoughts of suicide, a prevention hotline can help. The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline is available 24 hours a day at 988. During a crisis, people who are hard of hearing can use their preferred relay service or dial 711 then 988.

Find more links and local resources.

The diazepam dosage your doctor prescribes will depend on several factors. These include:

  • the type and severity of the condition you’re using diazepam to treat
  • your age
  • the form of diazepam you take
  • other medical conditions you may have

Typically, your doctor will start you on a low dosage and adjust it over time to reach the dosage that’s right for you. They’ll ultimately prescribe the smallest dosage that provides the desired effect.

The following information describes dosages that are commonly used or recommended for diazepam oral tablet. But be sure to take the dosage your doctor prescribes for you. They’ll determine the best dosage to suit your needs.

Note: While diazepam is available in several forms, this article focuses on the oral tablet.

Form and strengths

Generic: diazepam

  • Form: oral tablet
  • Strengths: 2 milligrams (mg), 5 mg, and 10 mg

Brand: Valium

  • Form: oral tablet
  • Strengths: 2 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg

Dosage for anxiety

Adult dosage (ages 18 to 64 years)

The standard dosage is 2 mg to 10 mg taken by mouth two to four times per day.

Child dosage (ages 0 to 5 months)

This drug hasn’t been studied and should not be used in children under the age of 6 months.

Child dosage (ages 6 months to 17 years)

  • The usual starting dosage is 1 mg to 2.5 mg taken by mouth three to four times per day.
  • Your child’s doctor will start your child at the lowest dosage and increase it as needed based on how they’re responding to and tolerating this medication.

Older adult dosage (ages 65 years and older)

  • The usual starting dosage is 2 mg to 2.5 mg taken by mouth one or two times per day.
  • Your doctor will slowly increase your dosage as needed based on how you’re responding to and tolerating this medication.
  • Your body processes this drug more slowly. Your doctor may start you on a lower dosage so that too much of this drug doesn’t build up in your body. Too much of the drug in your body can be toxic.

Special considerations

People who are very ill or have other serious conditions:

  • The usual starting dosage is 2 mg to 2.5 mg, given one or two times per day.
  • Your doctor will slowly increase your dosage as needed based on how you’re responding to and tolerating this medication.

Dosage for acute alcohol withdrawal

Adult dosage (ages 18 to 64 years)

The standard dosage is 10 mg taken by mouth three to four times during the first 24 hours. This will be reduced to 5 mg taken three to four times per day as needed, based on withdrawal symptoms.

Child dosage (ages 0 to 5 months)

This drug hasn’t been studied and should not be used in children under the age of 6 months.

Child dosage (ages 6 months to 17 years)

  • The usual starting dosage is 1 mg to 2.5 mg taken by mouth three or four times per day.
  • Your child’s doctor will start your child at the lowest dosage and increase it as needed based on how they’re responding to and tolerating this medication.

Older adult dosage (ages 65 years and older)

  • The usual starting dosage is 2 mg to 2.5 mg taken by mouth one or two times per day.
  • Your doctor will slowly increase your dosage as needed based on how you’re responding to and tolerating this medication.
  • Your body processes this drug more slowly. Your doctor may start you on a lower dosage so that too much of this drug doesn’t build up in your body. Too much of the drug in your body can be toxic.

Special considerations

People who are very ill or have other serious conditions:

  • The usual starting dosage is 2 mg to 2.5 mg, given one or two times per day.
  • Your doctor will slowly increase your dosage as needed based on how you’re responding to and tolerating this medication.

Dosage for add-on treatment of muscle spasms

Adult dosage (ages 18 to 64 years)

The standard dosage is 2 mg to 10 mg taken by mouth three or four times per day.

Child dosage (ages 0 to 5 months)

This drug hasn’t been studied and should not be used in children under the age of 6 months.

Child dosage (ages 6 months to 17 years)

  • The usual starting dosage is 1 mg to 2.5 mg taken by mouth three to four times per day.
  • Your child’s doctor will start your child at the lowest dosage and increase it as needed based on how they’re responding to and tolerating this medication.

Older adult dosage (ages 65 years and older)

  • The usual starting dosage is 2 mg to 2.5 mg taken by mouth one to two times per day.
  • Your doctor will slowly increase your dosage as needed based on how you’re responding to and tolerating this medication.
  • Your body processes this drug more slowly. Your doctor may start you on a lower dosage so that too much of this drug doesn’t build up in your body. Too much of the drug in your body can be toxic.

Special considerations

People who are very ill or have other serious conditions:

  • The usual starting dosage is 2 mg to 2.5 mg, given one to two times per day.
  • Your doctor will slowly increase your dosage as needed based on how you’re responding to and tolerating this medication.

Dosage for add-on treatment of seizure disorders

Adult dosage (ages 18 to 64 years)

The standard dosage is 2 mg to 10 mg taken by mouth two to four times per day.

Your doctor will start you at the lowest dosage and increase it as needed based on how you’re responding to and tolerating this medication.

Child dosage (ages 0 to 5 months)

This drug hasn’t been studied and should not be used in children under the age of 6 months.

Child dosage (ages 6 months to 17 years)

  • The usual starting dosage is 1 mg to 2.5 mg taken by mouth three to four times per day.
  • Your child’s doctor will start your child at the lowest dosage and increase it as needed based on how they’re responding to and tolerating this medication.

Older adult dosage (ages 65 years and older)

  • The usual starting dosage is 2 mg to 2.5 mg taken by mouth one to two times per day.
  • Your doctor will slowly increase your dosage as needed based on how you’re responding to and tolerating this medication.
  • Your body processes this drug more slowly. Your doctor may start you on a lower dosage so that too much of this drug doesn’t build up in your body. Too much of the drug in your body can be toxic.

Special considerations

People who are very ill or have other serious conditions:

  • The usual starting dosage is 2 mg to 2.5 mg, given one to two times per day.
  • Your doctor will slowly increase your dosage as needed based on how you’re responding to and tolerating this medication.

Diazepam oral tablet is used for short-term treatment. It comes with serious risks if you don’t take it as prescribed.

If you miss a dose: Take it when you remember, but don’t take more than the prescribed dosage per day. Never try to catch up by taking two doses at once. This could cause toxic side effects.

If you don’t take it as prescribed: Your symptoms (anxiety, tremors or agitation from alcohol withdrawal, muscle spasms, or seizures) won’t get better.

If you suddenly stop taking it: You may have withdrawal symptoms, such as:

  • tremors
  • stomach and muscle cramps or pain
  • vomiting
  • sweating
  • headache
  • extreme anxiety
  • tension
  • restlessness
  • confusion
  • irritability
  • hallucinations
  • seizures

The risks of withdrawal are greater if you’ve been taking diazepam either at a higher dose or for a long time. (Withdrawal symptoms can occur when a person suddenly stops taking a drug their body is dependent on. Dependence refers to the body needing a drug to function as usual.)

If you take too much: Taking too much of this drug can cause depression of your central nervous system (CNS). Symptoms include:

  • drowsiness
  • confusion
  • tiredness
  • poor reflexes
  • slowing or stopping of your breathing
  • dangerously low blood pressure

CNS depression can cause coma and even be fatal. If you think that you’ve taken too much, call your doctor or go to the emergency room right away. You may be given the drug flumazenil to reverse a benzodiazepine overdose. This drug may increase your risk of seizures.

How to tell the drug is working: Depending on what you’re using diazepam for, you will notice your symptoms (such as anxiety, agitation and tremors from alcohol withdrawal, muscle spasms, or seizures) decrease or stop.

It’s not known whether diazepam is safe and effective for long-term use (specifically, longer than 4 months). Your doctor will regularly reassess your condition to determine whether diazepam is still appropriate for you to take.

This drug comes with several warnings.

FDA warnings

This drug has a black box warning. This is the most serious warning from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A black box warning alerts doctors and patients about drug effects that may be dangerous.

  • Using diazepam with opioid drugs can cause dangerous effects. These can include severe drowsiness, slowed breathing, coma, and death. If your doctor prescribes diazepam with an opioid, they will monitor you closely. Examples of opioids include hydrocodone, codeine, and tramadol.
  • Using this drug, even as prescribed, can lead to physical dependence and withdrawal if you stop taking the drug suddenly. (Withdrawal symptoms can occur when a person suddenly stops taking a drug their body is dependent on. Dependence refers to the body needing a drug to function as usual.) Withdrawal can be life threatening.
  • Taking this drug can also lead to misuse and addiction. (Misuse of a drug means using it in a different way than how it was prescribed. With drug addiction, a person keeps taking a drug even though it may be harming them.) Misuse of diazepam increases your risk of overdose and death.

Only take this drug as your doctor prescribes. Talk with a healthcare professional if you have any concerns about safely taking this drug.

Sedation warning

This drug can slow down your brain’s activity and interfere with your judgment, thinking, and motor skills. You should not drink alcohol or use other drugs that can also slow down your brain’s activity while you’re taking diazepam. You also should not drive, operate machinery, or do other tasks that require alertness until you know how this drug affects you.

Increased seizures warning

If you’re taking diazepam as an add-on therapy for treating seizures, you may need a higher dosage of your other seizure medications. (Add-on therapy means that you’re taking diazepam with other drugs for your condition.) This drug may cause more frequent and more severe seizures. If you suddenly stop taking diazepam, you may temporarily have more seizures.

Allergy warning

Diazepam can cause a severe allergic reaction. Symptoms include:

  • trouble breathing
  • swelling of your throat or tongue
  • hives
  • rash

Allergic reaction is a contraindication for diazepam. This means you should not take diazepam again if you’ve had an allergic reaction to it before. Taking it a second time after an allergic reaction could be fatal.

Food interactions

You should not drink grapefruit juice while taking diazepam. It may stop your liver from processing this drug correctly, causing more of it to stay in your body for longer. This may increase your risk of side effects.

Alcohol interaction

You should not drink alcohol while taking diazepam. This drug can interfere with your judgment, thinking, and motor skills. It can also make you drowsy and cause your breathing to slow down or stop.

Also, your body processes alcohol and this drug in similar ways. That means if you drink alcohol, this drug might take longer to leave your body. This may worsen side effects.

Warnings for people with certain health conditions

For people with kidney disease: Diazepam is removed from your body by your kidneys. If you have kidney problems, more of the drug may stay in your body for longer, putting you at risk of side effects. Your doctor may adjust your dosage and monitor you more closely.

For people with acute narrow-angle glaucoma: Talk with your doctor if you have glaucoma. Diazepam may be used in people with open-angle glaucoma, but it should not be used in people with acute narrow-angle glaucoma.

For people with a history of drug or alcohol misuse: Let your doctor know if you’ve had problems with drug or alcohol use. You may have a higher risk of addiction, dependence, or tolerance to diazepam.

For people with liver disease: Diazepam is processed by your liver. If you have liver problems, more of this drug may stay in your body, putting you at risk of side effects. Your doctor may adjust your dosage of diazepam and monitor you more closely. If you have severe liver disease, you should not take this drug.

For people with mental health conditions: Let your doctor know if you have a history of severe depression, or if you’ve ever thought about or attempted suicide. Diazepam may worsen these problems. During diazepam treatment, your doctor will monitor you more closely.

For people with myasthenia gravis: If you have myasthenia gravis, you should not take diazepam. Myasthenia gravis is a disease that causes extreme muscle weakness and tiredness.

For people with breathing problems: Let your doctor know if you have breathing problems. Diazepam affects your CNS and may make it more difficult for you to breathe or cause you to stop breathing. Your doctor may start you on a lower dosage and monitor you more closely. If your breathing problems are severe or you have sleep apnea, your doctor may prescribe a different medication for you.

Warnings for other groups

For pregnant people: Animal studies have shown fetal anomalies (also called birth defects) can occur in a pregnant animal given high doses of diazepam. However, more studies are needed to determine whether diazepam would have a similar effect in pregnant people.

Diazepam can cause problems such as breathing, sleepiness, and less movement in fetuses. Taking diazepam late in pregnancy can also cause problems in newborns. Examples include muscle weakness, breathing and eating problems, low body temperatures, and withdrawal symptoms.

Tell your doctor if you’re pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Diazepam should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit for the pregnant person justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

For people who are breastfeeding: Diazepam passes into breast milk and can cause serious effects in a child who is breastfed. You and your doctor may need to decide whether you’ll take diazepam or breastfeed.

For older adults: Older adults may have a higher risk of side effects, such as motor ataxia (loss of muscle coordination while you move). This drug may also have more of a sedative effect in people ages 65 years and older. You may experience more dizziness, sleepiness, confusion, or a slowing or stopping of breathing. In addition, diazepam increases the risk of falls. Your doctor will prescribe the lowest dosage possible to manage your symptoms.

For children: Keep this drug out of the reach of children. The safety and effectiveness of diazepam in children under the age of 6 months hasn’t been established.

Diazepam can interact with several other medications. Different interactions can cause different effects. For instance, some can interfere with how well a drug works, while others can cause increased side effects.

Below is a list of medications that can interact with diazepam. This list does not contain all drugs that may interact with diazepam.

Before taking diazepam, be sure to tell your doctor and pharmacist about all prescription, over-the-counter, and other drugs you take. Also, tell them about any vitamins, herbs, and supplements you use. Sharing this information can help you avoid potential interactions.

If you have questions about drug interactions that may affect you, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

Examples of drugs that can cause interactions with diazepam are listed below.

Acid-suppressing drugs

These drugs make it harder for the body to absorb diazepam. If you take them together, you may not get the full dose of diazepam, and it may not work as well. These drugs include:

  • famotidine (Pepcid AC)
  • omeprazole (Prilosec)
  • pantoprazole (Protonix)

Allergy or cold drugs

Taking certain drugs that treat allergies or colds along with diazepam can increase your risk of drowsiness or sleepiness. It can also cause your breathing to slow down or stop. These drugs include:

Antidepressants

Taking certain antidepressants with diazepam can increase your risk of drowsiness or sleepiness. It can also cause your breathing to slow down or stop. These drugs include:

  • amitriptyline
  • nortriptyline (Pamelor)
  • doxepin (SIlenor)
  • mirtazapine (Remeron)
  • trazodone

Antifungal drugs

These drugs block the enzyme that breaks down diazepam. This can increase the levels of diazepam in your body, putting you at higher risk of side effects such as drowsiness. These drugs include:

  • ketoconazole
  • fluconazole (Diflucan)
  • itraconazole (Sporanox)

Antipsychotic drugs

Taking certain antipsychotic drugs with diazepam can increase your risk of drowsiness or sleepiness. It can also cause your breathing to slow down or stop. These drugs include:

  • haloperidol (Haldol)
  • chlorpromazine
  • quetiapine (Seroquel)
  • risperidone (Risperdal)
  • olanzapine (Zyprexa)
  • clozapine (Clozaril)

Anxiety drugs

Taking certain anxiety drugs with diazepam can increase your risk of drowsiness or sleepiness. It can also cause your breathing to slow down or stop. These drugs include:

Motion sickness drugs

Taking certain motion sickness drugs with diazepam can increase your risk of drowsiness or sleepiness. It can also cause your breathing to slow down or stop. These drugs include:

  • meclizine (Antivert)
  • dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)

Other antiseizure drugs

Taking certain antiseizure drugs with diazepam can increase your risk of drowsiness or sleepiness. It can also cause your breathing to slow down or stop. These drugs include:

Phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine also affect the enzyme that breaks down diazepam. This can increase the levels of diazepam in your body, putting you at higher risk of these side effects.

Pain drugs

Taking certain pain drugs with diazepam can increase your risk of drowsiness or sleepiness. It can also cause your breathing to slow down or stop. These drugs include:

  • oxycodone (Oxycontin)
  • hydrocodone (Hysingla ER)
  • morphine (MS Contin)
  • hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
  • codeine

Sleep drugs

Taking certain sleep drugs with diazepam can increase your risk of drowsiness or sleepiness. It can also cause your breathing to slow down or stop. These drugs include:

Tuberculosis drugs

These drugs make your body process diazepam faster, so there will be lower levels of the drug in your body. If you take them with diazepam, it may not work as well. These drugs include:

  • rifampin (Rimactane)
  • rifabutin (Mycobutin)
  • rifapentine (Priftin)

Whether you have health insurance or not, cost may be a factor when you’re considering diazepam. What you’ll pay for diazepam may depend on several things, such as your treatment plan and the pharmacy you use.

Here are a few things to consider regarding cost:

  • Cost information and savings coupons: You can visit Optum Perks to get price estimates of what you’d pay for diazepam when using coupons from the site. See the coupon options below. (Note: Optum Perks coupons cannot be used with any insurance copays or benefits.)
  • Savings programs: If you have questions about how to pay for your prescription, talk with your doctor or pharmacist. In addition, you can visit Medicine Assistance Tool and NeedyMeds, two websites offering resources that may help decrease the price you pay for diazepam.

You can also check out this article to learn more about saving money on prescriptions.

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Retail price refers to the manufacturer’s published list price and is up to date as of 3/2023. Retail and discounted prices are U.S.-only and can vary based on region and pharmacy. We cannot guarantee that the discounted price listed here will exactly match the price at your pharmacy. Please contact your pharmacy for the exact price.

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Keep these considerations in mind if your doctor prescribes diazepam oral tablet for you.

General

  • Diazepam tablets can be crushed.

Storage

Store diazepam at room temperature, which is between 68°F (20°C) and 77°F (25°C). Also:

  • Protect it from light.
  • Keep it away from high temperatures.
  • Keep it away from areas where it could get wet, such as bathrooms. Store this drug away from moisture and damp locations.

Refills

This drug may be refilled if your doctor authorizes it on the prescription. It may only be refilled up to five times within 6 months after the prescription was given. After five refills or 6 months, whichever occurs first, you’ll need a new prescription from your doctor.

Travel

When traveling with your medication:

  • Always carry your medication with you in your carry-on bag.
  • Don’t worry about airport X-ray machines. They can’t hurt your medication.
  • You may need to show airport staff your pharmacy’s label to clearly identify the medication. Keep the original prescription label with you when traveling.
  • Don’t leave this medication in the car, especially when the temperature is hot or freezing.
  • Since this is a controlled substance, it might be difficult to get refills. Make sure you have enough medication before you leave on your trip.

Clinical monitoring

Before starting and during your treatment with diazepam, your doctor will check the following:

  • Liver function: These tests will help your doctor decide whether diazepam is safe for you and if you need a lower dosage.
  • Kidney function: These tests will help your doctor decide if diazepam is safe for you and if you need a lower dosage.
  • Breathing rate: Your doctor will monitor your breathing rate during treatment to make sure it’s not too low.
  • Mental status: Your doctor will monitor you to make sure you don’t have changes in thinking or memory.
  • Relief of symptoms: Your doctor will check whether your symptoms have improved.

There are other drugs available to treat your condition. Some may be better suited for you than others. Talk with your doctor about other drug options that may work for you.

Disclaimer: Medical News Today has made every effort to make certain that all information is factually correct, comprehensive, and up to date. However, this article should not be used as a substitute for the knowledge and expertise of a licensed healthcare professional. You should always consult your doctor or another healthcare professional before taking any medication. The drug information contained herein is subject to change and is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. The absence of warnings or other information for a given drug does not indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective, or appropriate for all patients or all specific uses.

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