Alzheimer’s disease progresses in stages. In stage 1, there are no symptoms, but imaging scans may show brain changes. By stage 5, the effect on a person’s mental and physical health can be severe.
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia. It affects over 6 million people in the United States.
Although every person with Alzheimer’s experiences the disease differently, it is possible to divide its typical progression into a series of stages. However, identifying a stage is less important than ensuring a person has a good quality of life and that their needs are met.
In this article, find out roughly how people can expect Alzheimer’s disease to progress.
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Looking at Alzheimer’s disease in stages can provide a clearer idea of the possible changes that could affect someone following their diagnosis.
The stages are only a rough guide, and experts have proposed many different “staging” systems over the years.
Some people think of the disease as having seven stages, while others refer to just three: early, middle, and late. The symptoms that occur and when they appear will vary from person to person.
In this article, we discuss Alzheimer’s disease in five stages:
- Stage 1: preclinical Alzheimer’s disease
- Stage 2: mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease
- Stage 3: mild dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease
- Stage 4: moderate dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease
- Stage 5: severe dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease
Dementia describes a set of symptoms that affect memory, thinking, problem-solving, or language. In someone with dementia, these symptoms are severe enough to affect daily life.
Read on to learn more about the symptoms of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
The changes that occur with Alzheimer’s may begin a
During this stage, the individual will not have any noticeable symptoms, but imaging technologies can spot deposits of a protein called amyloid-beta.
In people with Alzheimer’s disease, this protein clumps together and forms plaques. These protein clumps may block cell-to-cell signaling and activate immune system cells that trigger inflammation and destroy disabled cells.
Genetic testing can help predict who might develop Alzheimer’s, and
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) often occurs before the more severe decline of dementia. Some 12–18% of people ages 60 years or older have MCI, but not all will develop dementia. According to the National Institute on Aging, around
A person with MCI may notice subtle changes in their thinking and ability to remember things. They may have a sense of “brain fog” and find it hard to recollect recent events. These issues are not severe enough to cause problems with day-to-day life or usual activities, but loved ones may start to notice changes.
Many people become more forgetful with age or take longer to think of a word or remember a name. However, significant challenges with these tasks could be a sign of MCI.
Symptoms of MCI
- forgetting appointments, conversations, or recent events more often than before
- having difficulty making judgments
- having difficulty carrying out tasks that involve several steps
- getting confused about time, people, and places
- neglecting self-care tasks, such as washing and eating
- engaging in behavior that might have harmful effects
- having depression
- having a sense of “brain fog”
As of yet, there is no drug treatment for MCI, but some
- following a daily routine
- learning a new skill
- spending time with friends and family
- getting enough sleep
- limiting alcohol consumption
- seeking help for health conditions such as high blood pressure or depression
Read on to learn about tips on improving sleep.
The mild dementia stage is the point at which doctors typically diagnose Alzheimer’s disease. If people use a three-stage description of Alzheimer’s disease, this will be the early stage.
Problems with memory and thinking may become more noticeable to friends and family and also begin to affect daily life.
Symptoms of mild dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease include:
- having difficulty remembering newly learned information
- asking the same question repeatedly
- having trouble solving problems and completing tasks
- exhibiting reduced motivation to complete tasks
- experiencing a lapse in judgment
- becoming withdrawn or uncharacteristically irritable or angry
- having difficulty finding the correct words to describe an object or idea
- getting lost or misplacing items
When a person has moderate dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease, they become increasingly confused and forgetful. They may need help with daily tasks and with looking after themselves. This is the longest stage and often lasts around 2–4 years.
Symptoms of moderate dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease include:
- losing track of the location and forgetting the way, even in familiar places
- wandering in search of surroundings that feel more familiar
- failing to recall the day of the week or the season
- confusing family members and close friends or mistaking strangers for family
- forgetting personal information, such as their address
- repeating favorite memories or making up stories to fill memory gaps
- needing help deciding what to wear for the weather or season
- needing assistance with bathing and grooming
- occasionally losing control of the bladder or bowel
- becoming overly suspicious of friends and family
- seeing or hearing things that are not there
- becoming restless or agitated
- having physical outbursts, which may be aggressive
As Alzheimer’s progresses, a person may start to feel more restless toward evening and have difficulty sleeping. This is sometimes called sundowner’s syndrome.
During this stage, physical and mental functioning continue to decline.
If a person has severe dementia during the later stages of Alzheimer’s disease, they might:
- have difficulty communicating and using language coherently
- think they are at an earlier stage of life
- be unable to recognize familiar faces, possibly due to remembering the person’s appearance at a younger age
- need assistance with personal care, eating, dressing, and using the bathroom
- have a higher risk of falls
- spend more time in bed or in a chair
- have difficulty swallowing
- lose bowel and bladder control
- experience delusions and hallucinations
- show aggression, possibly toward caregivers, due to fear or confusion
A person with severe Alzheimer’s disease has a higher chance of dying from pneumonia. Pneumonia is a common cause of death in people with Alzheimer’s because the loss of ability to swallow means that food and beverages can enter the lungs and cause infection.
Other common causes of death among people with Alzheimer’s disease include dehydration, malnutrition, and other infections.
Not everyone experiences the stages of Alzheimer’s in the same way. How it progresses will vary between individuals.
A person may not have all the symptoms listed above, and symptoms can come and go. The stages can also overlap.
Medications can slow progression for a while and may help with memory symptoms and other cognitive changes.
Factors that can affect disease progression include:
- age, as progression may be faster in those whose symptoms develop before the age of 65
- genetic factors
- physical health, as symptoms can progress more quickly in people with a heart condition, diabetes, recurrent infections, and those who have had several strokes
- if the person experiences delirium
Keeping active, being involved in activities, and getting regular exercise may help the individual stay active and involved for longer.
Other lifestyle changes that may help slow disease progression include:
- maintaining a healthy diet
- getting enough sleep
- taking all prescribed medications correctly
- quitting smoking
- limiting or avoiding alcohol consumption
- having regular health checkups
If a person with Alzheimer’s disease experiences a sudden change in their abilities or behavior, they could have another health problem or an infection. It is vital to seek advice from a doctor as soon as possible.
Read on to learn about caring for someone with Alzheimer’s disease.
Currently, more than
According to the Alzheimer’s Association, roughly 1 in 9 people age 65 and older are living with
Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s disease is currently the
Life expectancy for individuals with Alzheimer’s disease varies depending on many factors. The average life expectancy for a person with Alzheimer’s is 4–8 years after diagnosis, but people can live with Alzheimer’s for 20 years or more.
Read on to learn more about dementia in the Black community.
Some FAQs about Alzheimer’s disease may include:
How does Alzheimer’s cause death?
Many complications that occur due to Alzheimer’s disease can be fatal. Typically, with later-stage dementia, infections, dehydration, or malnutrition can result in death. The most common cause of death among those with Alzheimer’s disease is aspiration pneumonia.
How quickly does Alzheimer’s kill you?
Many factors influence how long a person can live with Alzheimer’s disease. Typically, a person may live for 4–8 years after diagnosis. However, it is possible for a person to live for 20 years or more.
Which is worse, dementia or Alzheimer’s?
Dementia is a general term describing difficulty thinking, remembering, or making decisions, which can affect everyday activities. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. It is also a degenerative condition, meaning it worsens over time.
As such, it is difficult to compare the severity of Alzheimer’s disease to other types of dementia.
Is death from Alzheimer’s painful?
Pain is a possible symptom that a person may experience in the later stages of dementia. End-of-life care can help to reduce painful symptoms.
Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia and a neurocognitive disorder that happens when physical changes take place in the brain. It is not a sign of aging, but it is more likely to appear as people get older. Not everyone will develop dementia with age.
It is important to remember that a person with Alzheimer’s is still the same person, even if their behavior changes. Many people with Alzheimer’s experience frustration as they find it harder to do the things they used to do or have difficulties remembering things they feel they should know.
The more informed family members and loved ones are about Alzheimer’s and how it affects an individual, the better they will be able to provide help and support.
There is currently no way to prevent or cure Alzheimer’s, but ongoing research is looking at ways to detect the disease earlier and stop or reverse its progression.